Difference Between Inequality and Poverty

Question: What is the contrast among imbalance and destitution? Answer: Presentation: The term imbalance and destitution started from every single contemporaneous society. They are very noticeable and glaring in certain social orders than others. The relationship among neediness and imbalance isn't clear and particular. Destitution and imbalance are viewed as systematic ideas. The reliance of neediness and imbalance happens in a specific way, past which it isn't sufficiently pertinent to state that they figure on one another. Actually, destitution and imbalance fluctuate freely of one another. It gets hard to characterize the connection among neediness and disparity as it isn't clear regarding which idea of destitution and which measurement of imbalance one has at the top of the priority list. We can say that destitution and imbalance doesn't change at a similar pace and degree, it might even change incomprehensibly. To examine and comprehend the relationship just as the divergence among neediness and imbalance, it is important to catch the definition and key issues i dentified with disparity and destitution. (Beteille, 2003) Destitution and disparity: The degree of destitution and disparity stays a subject of standing enthusiasm for the whole world. Amartya Sen, Nobel Prize champ in the field of Economics, characterized destitution as the absence of insist opportunities which incorporate the capacities to choose a real existence when one has motivation to assess and esteem. He likewise depicted that a negligible low degree of pay doesn't mean a person to be poor it is the idea of hardship of essential capacities that distinguish somebody to be poor. At the end of the day, neediness can be characterized as the shortage and insufficiency of material belonging or absence of money related assets. The meaning of neediness is multifaceted as it incorporates social, efficient, political viewpoints. Destitution has changing classifications. It very well may be constant or temporary, supreme or relative, etc. More often than not, neediness is related with the idea of disparity. Destitution can likewise be viewed as a powerful idea which adjusts and acclimates to changes in the utilization design, social headway and innovative improvement. (Characterizing Poverty, 2015) Presently taking about the two winning sorts of destitution, the total neediness is an idea that is increasingly identified with hardship of fundamental human needs which usually incorporate food, water, sanitation, dress, cover, medicinal services and training. The other sort which is relative destitution is portrayed by chance as financial imbalance inside the general public in which individuals dwell. As indicated by the definition gave by the World Bank, Poverty is an obvious hardship in the prosperity of individuals. Destitution is distinguished as low degrees of salary, powerlessness to get to the fundamental products and enterprises that are required to have an honorable existence. Neediness likewise encloses low degrees of social insurance and instructive accomplishment, no appropriate access to clean water and sanitation, small physical security and absence of adequate and ideal conditions to improve ones life. An assessment of the information from the World Health Organization has uncovered that consistently around 40,000 individuals pass on which is 15 million every year since they don't approach the fundamental necessities of life, for example, food, apparel, water, safe house and human services offices. The official destitution rate is recorded to have expanded from 12.5 percent in 2007 to 15 percent in 2012. The causes behind the development of neediness are different. A few causes can be disposed of by legitimate execution of measures and destruction programs. Considering the less evolved economies and the creating economies the end of the reasons for neediness despite everything stays a situation. The mainstream reasons for neediness remember adjusting patterns for the economy of a nation, absence of training, high pace of separation which can prompt feminization of destitution, overpopulation, and spread of a pestilence sickness like AIDS or tuberculosis. Ecological issues like absence of precipitation, extraordinary climate conditions that cause states of dry season or flooding can bring about destitution. The essential drivers of neediness incorporate absence of cash. Destitution wins in a financial framework where the joblessness rate is high or works are working with low wages so as to attract adequate speculation the nation. Absence of access and control to nearby assets, commonn ess of defilement, absence of majority rule government in the nation, a great many people are denied of the expected advantages of the achievement in an economy, no appropriate lawfulness, constrained property rights and forestalling organizations to hold the greater part of their benefits, all these are the reasons for neediness. We have just talked about that destitution and imbalance are connected yet havent explained the reason of disparity. Disparity is a ruinous marvel and has been articulated as a blossoming social issue. Monetary disparity is depicted as the degree of circulation of certain financial measurements among people inside a gathering or among bunches inside the populace. Financial analyst distinguishes three measurements meaning monetary uniqueness. They are riches imbalance, salary disparity and utilization imbalance. Serious imbalance can be adverse to the monetary as salary disparity and convergence of riches can hinder long haul development. A senior researcher related with the Luxembourg Income Survey, Branko Milanovic had embraced a fastidious examination dependent on the worldwide salary disparity. His exploration construed that disparity inside the countries was expanding. The rise of white collar class families in China and India appeared to marginally decay the overall disparity. Likewise the salary levels of ordinary families in the United States alongside other rich countries appeared to deteriorate and even will in general diminishing. Another Millennium Development objective (Un.org, 2015) perceives and adjusts measures to decrease disparity is probably not going to push forward decidedly. Throughout the decades the disparity appeared to rise pointedly which are delineated by the salary of the universes top 1.75% of workers outperformed those of the base 77%.(MAKWANA, 2013) There are numerous reasons for imbalance that are resolved inside the social orders. They are work showcase results which are answerable for wage incongruities of the common laborers, strategy changes, backward nature of tax assessment, various degrees of separation, nepotism. Globalization is another significant factor that causes disparity by smothering the compensation in the low talented work surplus nations, giving speculation recommendation to the rich countries and so forth. (Inequality.org, 2015) Examination of academic articles: The Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality had arranged The Poverty and Inequality Report, 2014 which concentrated on seven key domains that all inclusive evaluated the presence of the issue of destitution and disparity and composed undertaking to diminish neediness and democratize openings. Examining this report we can uncover that after the Great Recession finished, there wasnt considerable age of occupations. This infers individuals are left jobless and no pay which offered ascend to imbalance. In November 2013, the extent of every one of the 25-multi year olds who have work was around five percent lower than it was recorded in December 2007. Taking the destitution picture, the report uncovers that neediness rates had expanded from 12.5 percent in 2007 to 15 percent in 2012. Salary disparity and utilization imbalance had likewise expanded during the year 2009. There had been decrease in the wellbeing results that mirrored a decline in the destitution rates. Just because, the ri ches disparity had seen an ascent since the mid 1980s. The Gini Coefficient for 2010 was recorded to be higher than any level in the almost three decades. The pay uniqueness has additionally caused an imbalance in the instructive part. (The Poverty and Inequality Report 2014, 2014) The paper on Growth, Inequality And Poverty Reduction In Developing Countries: Recent Global Evidence by Augustin Kwasi FOSU distributed by OECD Development Center (FOSU, 2015) has concentrated on the creating nations in regards to the development, pay imbalance and destitution decrease. We have consistently observed that destitution and salary disparity are reliant that is we can figure that as at whatever point there is pay imbalance or riches imbalance, there comes in neediness inside the economy. This infers the presence of imbalance in an economy offers ascend to destitution. In any case, it not generally the situation as the bearing of event of neediness and disparity can be inverse. This paper reveals to us that in China destitution decrease had assumed a generous position which happened without expanding salary disparity alongside monetary development. Again the article investigated the double circumstance in Botswana and Ghana, it was discovered that in Botswana salary expan ded incredibly yet there was no slight decrease in neediness followed by development. The moderate development in Ghana has prompted impressive decrease in destitution. These two unique degrees of salary imbalance between the previously mentioned two nations uncovered the difference in the presentation. Bolivia delineates an extraordinary situation where its month to month pay emphasizd somewhat from USD 175.1 (2005 PPP-balanced) in 1990 to USD 203.5 in 2005 and the neediness rates in Bolivia at the USD1 standard highlighted from 4 percent to 19.6 percent for a similar period ( an extensive increment had been seen in the Gini Coefficient from 0.42 to 0.58 during a similar timeframe). (Fosu, n.d.) Thus, a positive relationship between's the neediness and disparity is accepted to be a legend and there lies a few contrasts between the destitution and imbalance which we will talk about in the following segment. (Fosu, 2010) Perspectives concerning contrast among disparity and neediness: Destitution and disparity are more often than not are viewed as related yet they are definitely not. It is fairly clarified in the above examination of the OECD article where we see that neediness gets diminished to a great extent in cou

Family Systems Intervention Free Essays

string(529) and improving emotionally supportive networks †¢Moving and upgrading emotionally supportive networks †¢Moving customers to another condition Increasing the responsiveness of associations to people’s needs †¢Enhancing communications among associations and establishments †¢Improving institutional situations †¢Developing new assets The manner in which an issue is characterized frequently relies upon †¢How the family at first characterizes the issue †¢The hypothetical point of view the family social laborer utilizes †¢The command of the organization and how the office sees problems. Family Systems Interventions Intervention aptitudes: Facilitating family Change abilities 1. Break maladaptive connection designs 2. Lucidity risky results 3. We will compose a custom paper test on Family Systems Intervention or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Change emotional squares 4. Start subjective rebuilding 5. Actualize new versatile examples 6. Prepare outer assets as required Break Maladaptive Patterns †¢ Intervene to control maladaptive examples by rebuilding family association verbally or genuinely †¢When fitting, encourage the versatile articulation of outrage of one relative so as to obstruct the intermittent tricky conduct of another Explain dangerous outcomes †¢Confront relatives on the hazardous results of their own practices †¢Provide verbal or nonverbal help when face to face encounter at whatever point conceivable Alter Affective Blocks †¢Convey the significance of communicating and explaining full of feeling involvement with request to all the more likely appreciate the upkeep of obvious standards of conduct. †¢Remove improper full of feeling obstructs by empowering open conversation of the enthusiastic unrest of relatives; approve their experience, explain the substance, and offer help Initiate Cognitive Restructuring Call into question aggregate convictions, qualities, or objectives that give off an impression of being tricky and start open conversation and reexamination of significant issues. †¢To keep new effect from blocking further advancement, support the articulation and release of feeling (particularly through snickering or crying) while at the same time changing a past sub jective set. †¢Provide suitable new data or a reformulation as required to grow progressively versatile perception †¢Encourage relatives to consider new thoughts further and to keep on examining explicit issues at home so as to arrive at a reality-based agreement. Actualize New Adaptive Patterns †¢Using conduct standards, apply social fortifications to reinforce fitting practices at any ti me during the meetings and urge relatives to do likewise. †¢Elicit family member’s readiness to be open to recommendations and welcome explicit social proposal from other relatives (or offer a few). †¢Coach the family in actualizing changes that are perfect with proper advancement undertakings for the entire family just as individual relatives. Present versatile changes in conduct during the meeting by diverting communication examples and modifying spatial and guest plans to rework subsystems. Activate External Resources as Required †¢Openly confess to absence of advance as investigate conceivable repressing variables both inside and outside the family. Compelling Assessment and Intervention First, laborers must build up a demeanor that qualities the capability of families to change. Evaluation and preparation of family qualities should concentrate on the positives identified with numerous territories, including †¢Family connections: thinking about individuals, sex jobs that are regarded and esteemed, parental-youngster connections dependent on the best of the kid, physical and enthusiastic self-care, the nearness of constructive family occasions and victories, steady couple connections, family ancestry of past achievements in peace promotion, a solid family personality †¢Individual relative aptitudes: subjective and scholarly capacities, an uplifting demeanor, equipped child rearing, constructive job displaying, capacity to assemble and get to steady social situations †¢Personal characteristics: inspiration, objective directedness, confidence and capability, a capacity to chuckle at oneself, inward qualities and assets, solid social, capacities, nondefensiveness, readiness to take a shot at issues in spite of difficulties †¢Availability of ne twork assets: companions and caring other outside the family, strong family members, medicinal services, training, entertainment, otherworldly network, social administrations, the aptitudes to explore in these network assets †¢Seeing and learning: the capacity to perceive troublesome educational encounters and to gain from these encounters Key Strategies in working with qualities †¢ The strength’s point of view exploits the force and will of the family to self-right with the assistance of proper natural backings. †¢Words have the ability to develop or tear done dishearten or support. Pathology-based words obscure the vista by forcing issues while quality based words force arrangements and expectation. Utilize a word reference of helping, a word reference that incorporates the utilization of such words as strengthening, aptitudes, trust, backing, capacity, and information Assessment and mediation will be increasingly compelling if the family social specialist re members the accompanying contemplations: †¢Be definitely receptive to culture and hold fast to socially delicate practices †¢Focus on family needs †¢Respect customer independence †¢Avoid encouraging pointless reliance †¢Reassess and re-decipher customer opposition as shirking of agony †¢Keep sound proficient limits while remaining sincerely accessible Culturally Sensitive Practice †¢ We advocate for social ability for all laborers skill that keeps away from the use of cliché agendas to families from minority societies. Recommending that a solitary program model or intercession can address the issues of every single social family chances generalizing a diminishing each culture to a solitary substance. †¢Not all individuals from a social gathering are associated similarly to their social legacy placater †¢Some gatherings will have mixed customary and nontraditional practices in their every day living. †¢Acculturation can be viewed as a mosaic, mixing customary local ways with predominant social ways. Five program structures that can be joined into family social specialist so as to work fittingly with families from various societies. 1. Laborers must have a genuine enthusiasm for learning and tolerating various societies. 2. Laborers can figure out how to challenge their ethnocentric convictions as a n indispensable piece of family social work. 3. Family social specialists can be available to coordinated effort with customary social healers and pioneers and bolster family decisions about conventional wellsprings of help that equal, supplement, or supplant intercessions that are increasingly normal. 4. Family social laborers ought to be comfortable with and be readied ti utilize existing customer emotionally supportive networks, following the proper social conventions. 5. The intercession aptitudes utilized by family social laborers can adjusted to explicit societies 6. Family social specialists can look for explicit social information, which incorporates attention to correspondence designs, perspectives, conviction frameworks, and qualities 7. Realizing how to get access into a social network is significant if a specialist were to get to socially suitable assets for a family. Reconsider Clients’ Resistance might be a message from the customer that the family social laborer is exceeding the limits of the relationship. Obstruction can likewise flag that the issues being examined are delicate to the customer. Set Realistic Expectations A 6th rule for family social specialists is to cultivate families’ sentiments of fitness, as opposed to deficiency. Hepworth and Larsen (1993) list the accompanying natural intercessions that family social laborers can perform for families: †¢Supplementing assets in the home condition †¢Developing and improving emotionally supportive networks †¢Moving and upgrading emotionally supportive networks †¢Moving customers to another condition Increasing the responsiveness of associations to people’s needs †¢Enhancing connections among associations and establishments †¢Improving institutional situations †¢Developing new assets The manner in which an issue is characterized regular ly relies upon †¢How the family at first characterizes the issue †¢The hypothetical point of view the family social specialist utilizes †¢The command of the office and how the office sees issues. You read Family Systems Intervention in classification Paper models For instance, a few organizations grasp arrangement centered guiding and characterize issues to fit hypothesis †¢How the issue is characterized mutually between the family and specialist such that both feel offers the most chances to make positive change. One of a kind methods of review a difficult 1. A conventional explanatory view is that indicative individual in the issue. 2. The social frameworks supposition that will be that the family is the issue †issues developing from relationship designs inside the family 3. The endeavored arrangement is the issue. This is an intriguing perspective that could be rearranged by saying, â€Å"if what you are accomplishing doesn't work, quit doing it and take a stab at something else! † Circular Patters †¢ The term designs imply that a similar conduct happens over and again and gets unsurprising. †¢When a family is buried in issues, it might be on the grounds that their dull examples have delivered gridlock without giving a satisfactory reaction to the current issue. Along these lines, the arrangement turns into the issue. Since the examples are propensities, relatives have a sense of safety in the soundness they give. The constant examples may be frightful to people and destructive

Developmental Paper Example

Developmental Paper Example Developmental Paper â€" Essay Example > Development Stages of Ages 12 to AdolescentsIntroductionAdolescence is a challenging time for most teens full of rebellion, confusion, and problems. Adolescence is the transition period between infancy and adulthood and includes ages 12 to 19. During this period, growth occurs at a tremendous speed thus most teenagers finding it challenging to adjust. However, most teenagers successfully navigate these changes without any problem. Adolescents experience some changes such as increased physical growth, emotional, biological, social, and neurological and brain, moral and cognitive changes. Puberty may, however, begin at different times, some have early development while others experience a little later although eventually they all catch-up. This essay will discuss the various development stages of adolescence Physical and biological stageSigmund Feud in his theory of psychosexual development says that children go through different stages of sexual development. He discusses them as or al, phallic, genital, anal, and latency. The first stage is early adolescence which comprises of ages 11-13. There are common physical changes that occur in both sexes while some occur to one sex. Testosterone hormone in boys triggers the changes while estrogen hormone triggers the changes in puberty in girls. In this stage, there is a tremendous physical growth in both girls and boys. Their weight and height increase incredibly. Both sexes experience increased perspiration, hair growth on their bodies and production of oil in hair and skin. Early adolescents at this stage have a greater sexual interest; they become attracted to the opposite sex. Hauser-Cram, Nugent, Theis and Travers, boys will experience wet dreams, growth in penis and testicles, have broader shoulders and their voice becomes deeper. Wet dreams commonly termed as nocturnal emissions is harmless release of semen during sleep. Girls, on the other hand, have their hips widen, breasts become rounder and larger, thei r clitoris elongates, uterus enlarges, and labia thickens. Most girls begin menstruation at the age of 12 or 13 while some may incur delays. Some adolescent girls and boys can experience skin problems such as acne vulgaris or pimples (2014). In the middle stage of adolescent, between the age of 14-18, the physical growth continues for boys but slows down for girls. Mostly puberty is completed setting in for the late adolescence stage for ages 19-21. The young woman is now fully developed, but the young men continue showing some changes. Their weight and height continue to increase, body hair and muscle mass also increase. According to Freud theory of psychosexual, sexual desires and attraction emerges and if the adolescents involve in sexual behavior, it may result in childbirth and marriage. Freud believed that the development of a child’s personality is determined by the guardians to deal with that child’s basic sexual and aggressive desires. Cognitive stageCognitive developme nt involves the growth ability of child’s reasoning and thinking. Cognitive development has four stages which are assimilation, schema, equilibrium and accommodation according to the theory developed by Jean Piaget. Lee Vygotsky also developed a theory to explain cognitive development. Piaget argues that during the early cognitive development changes in mental operations are as a result of actions that individuals perform. Schema involves the person’s mental and physical steps to display a sense of knowing, understanding and obtaining. Assimilation stage includes people using new acquired ideas and information into their first stage (schema). The third stage is accommodation, where the individual changes the existing schema to new using the obtained information. Lastly, there is the equilibrium level where the individual tries balancing between accommodation and assimilation (Sheski, Chvallier, Lambert, Baumard, 2014).

History Sociology and Caribbean - 1708 Words

Emancipation is defined as various efforts to obtain political rights or equality, often for specifically disfranchised groups. Many countries and states have gone through this revitalizing process during one period of time in their historic accounts. For Caribbean states, this period was also a mark of re-development and re-establishment of economies and societies. Emancipation in the Caribbean was the catalyst for many positive steps in the future but also setback in humanity with respect to human rights. In this paper one will analyze the structural techniques and traits used to facilitate the construction of Caribbean societies, post emancipation. Furthermore, one will also identify the continuities and change that was brought†¦show more content†¦Some pull factors may have been the economic possibilities and simply, the opportunity for a new beginning (Haraksingh, p210). Both ethnicities were brought rapidly and efficiently because ex-colonials saw this as a form of slavery and a step in the right direction to regain power to divide and conquer (Renard, p168.) Caribbean indentureship provokingly had a tale of two sides as mentioned by Renard. Resistance and rebellion came about giving the indentured workers an opportunity to essentially exercise their human rights, more notably to experience freedoms and mobility that were near impossible to entertain in their home countries. Thus, ex-colonial ideas were back firing on them as the migration itself from Asia to the Caribbean began to take on an identity of resistance by some workers (Renard, p.214.) Through it all, indentured workers definitely put on a strain on Caribbean history with resistance and rebellion. However, a couple positive presumptions can be announced. Various methods were employed by indentured workers to maintain sanity and hope for the future to come. Furthermore, resistance movements gave way to religious and cultural traditions. Today, Indo-Caribbean and Asian Car ibbean rituals, festivals and religious holidays haveShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Caribbean Islands1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe Caribbean The Caribbean, a region usually exoticized and depicted as tropical and similar in its environmental ways, cannot be characterized as homogenous. Each individual island has their own diverse historical background when it comes to how and when they became colonized, which European country had the strongest influence on them, and the unique individual cultures that were integrated into one. The three authors Sidney W. Mintz, Antonio Benitez-Rojo, and Michelle Cliff, all and addressRead More The Caribbean’s Cultural History Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe Caribbean’s Cultural History Columbus’ discovery in 1492 set off a chain of events in the emergence of the Caribbean society, as Knight states in his book The Caribbean. The first voyage of Columbus in 1492 fortuitously discovered a whole new world and set in motion a chain of events whose profound consequences gave new directions to the histories of Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. It was the voyages of Columbus and those who followed him that brought the Americas into the consciousnessRead MoreModernization of Sugar Essay examples1236 Words   |  5 Pagesthe push for modernity; however, the sugar industry exhibited major influence throughout the world. Once sugar cane was established in the Caribbean, this new crop pushed the region to shift from a traditional agrarian economy towards a more industrial and capitalistic economy. The new production process made sugar readily available for the first time in history, which allowed this crop to become a commodity to be enjoyed by all classes. Its outdated usage for decoration and medicine vanished as theRead MoreEssay on Views and Definitions of Multiculturalism924 Words   |  4 Pagesdepends on the context in which it is used. In sociology, multiculturalism is the idea that various cultures exist in a society and all these cultures deserve equal treatment (Macionis, 2010). Sociologists believe that members of different cultures can live peacefully alongside each other and assimilation is not necessary. This essay will focus on both the positive aspects and the main tensions that arise in a multicultural society. SAMPLE BACKGROUND – HISTORY OF MULTICULTURALISM IN BRITAIN Britain todayRead Morecauses of social stratification in named caribbean society809 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Caribbean countries. In every known human society there is form of social inequality. This system was derived from events that took place some years ago. Social stratification can be class under the system of Plantation System and Social Mobility. According to Jenniffer Mohammed- Caribbean studies (2011). This rank or position in the social hierarchy is the lowest stratification occupied by the poorest groups who have a low status. The Caribbean stratificationRead MoreEffects Of Multiculticulturalism925 Words   |  4 Pagesused. In sociology, multiculturalism is the idea that various cultures exist in a society and all these cultures deserve equal treatment (Macionis, 2010). Sociologists believe that members of different cultures can live peacefully alongside each other and assimilation is not necessary; but this does not happen in all multicultural societies. This essay will place emphasis on both the positive aspects and the main tensions that arise in a multicultural society. SAMPLE BACKGROUND – HISTORY OF MULTICULTURALISMRead MoreTrouble Of The Thaw Of U. S Cuban Relations1748 Words   |  7 Pagesand exploit its members. Thus I raise the question of: will having the United States of America restore ties with Cuba serve to benefit the Caribbean Island? Although president Obama may condone efforts to rekindle ties amongst the two nations, there are individuals who stand in opposition. Marta Nunez Sarmiento, is a professor in the Department of Sociology and a researcher at the Centre for Studies of International Migrations (CEMI) at the University of Havana. Her research has concentrated onRead MoreEssay about Social Class1016 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences include language, religion customs and traditions, identification with a country or region as well as identification with the group and its history. Race is divided into many categories, the minority ethnic group that does not make up the majority of the population in a society. In most cases, this group consists of the Afro-Caribbean and Asian people. It is believed that humans are divided into biologically distinct â€Å"races†. Each race, it was believed, had its own unique physical abilitiesRead MoreCultural Erasure5591 Words   |  23 PagesRevista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe 79, octubre de 2005 | 125 Identity and Erasure: Finding the Elusive Caribbean Anton Allahar – Caribbean Autobiography: cultural identity and self-representation, by Sandra Pouchet Paquet. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002. – Decolonising the Caribbean: Dutch policies in a comparative perspective, by Gert Oostindie and Inge Klinkers. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2003. – Ah Come Back Home: PerspectivesRead MoreEssay about The Slave Trade and Britain Today1098 Words   |  5 Pagesagree with this statement, Britain hold a wide variety of race and for them and their ancestor’s slavery was only yesterday however For the British slavery is seen as being their history. Within this essay I will explain the differences between race and racism, I will also include the history of the slave trade and how it came about. The term race in a sociologist’s point of view refers to the physical characteristics that are inherited and unchanging between others

History of Female Rulers Usage of the Title of Queen

Australian English Free Essays

string(178) " influence is evident in such words as caucus \(in politics\), sedan \(BrE saloon\), station wagon \(BrE estate car\), truck \(BrE lorry\), high school \(BrE secondary school\)\." 1. Australian English (AusE, AuE, AusEng, en-AU) is the name given to the group of dialects spoken in Australia that form a major variety of the English language. Australian English began to diverge from  British English soon after the foundation of the  Colony of  New South Wales in  1788. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian English or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of Australian English starts with kangaroo (1770) and Captain James Cook’s glossary of local words used in negotiations with the Endeavour River tribes. The language was pidgin. 2. Varieties of Australian English. Most linguists consider there to be three main varieties of Australian English. These are ? Broad; ? General; ? Cultivated Australian English. General Australian English is the  stereotypical variety of Australian English. It is the variety of English used by the majority of Australians and it dominates the accents found in contemporary Australian-made films and television programs. Examples include actors  Russell Crowe, Hugh Jackman,  Nicole Kidman. 3. Broad Australian English is the  archetypal and most recognizable variety. It is familiar to English speakers around the world because of its use in identifying Australian characters in non-Australian  films  and  television  programs. Examples include television personalities  Steve Irwin and  Dame Edna Everage, Pauline Hanson. 3. Cultivated Australian English has many similarities to  British  Received Pronunciation, and is often mistaken for it. Cultivated Australian English is now spoken by less than 10% of the population. Examples include actors  Judy Davis, Robert Hughes,  Geoffrey Rush. 4. The aboriginal vocabulary, which is one of the trademarks of Australian English, included billabong (a waterhole), jumbuck (a sheep), corroboree (an assembly), boomerang (a curved throwing stick), and budgerigar (from budgeree, â€Å"good† and gar, â€Å"parrot†). . The number of Aboriginal words in Australian English is quite small and is confined to the namings of plants (like bindieye and calombo), trees (like boree, banksia, quandong and mallee), birds (like currawong, galah and kookaburra), animals (like wallaby and wombat) and fish (like barramindi). 6. As in North America, when it comes to place-names the Aboriginal influence was much greater: with a vast continent to name, about a third of all Australian place-names are Aboriginal. The Aborigines also adopted words from maritime pidgin English, words like piccaninny and bilong (belong). They used familiar pidgin English variants like talcum and catchum. The most famous example is gammon, an eighteenth-century Cockney word meaning â€Å"a lie†. 7. Non-aboriginal Vocabulary. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Australian population were either convicts, ex-convicts or of convict descent. The convict argot was called â€Å"flash† language, and James Hardy Vaux published a collection of it in 1812, the New and Comprehensive Vocabulary of the Flash Language. Most of the words and phrases Vaux listed remained confined to convict circles and have not passed in the main stream of Australian English. There are a few exceptions, of which the best known is swag meaning â€Å"a bundle of personal belongings† in standard Australian. Swagman, billy, jumbuck, tucker-bag and coolibah tree are early Australianisms. 8. The roots of Australian English lie in the South and East of England, London, Scotland and Ireland. To take just a few examples, words like corker, dust-up, purler and tootsy all came to Australia from Ireland; billy comes from the Scottish bally, meaning â€Å"a milk pail†. A typical Australianism like fossick, meaning â€Å"to search unsystematically†, is a Cornish word. Cobber came from the Suffolk verb to cob, â€Å"to take a liking to someone†. Tucker is widely used for â€Å"food†. Clobber has Romany roots and is originally recorded in Kent as clubbered up, meaning â€Å"dressed up†. 9. Some elements of Aboriginal languages, as has already been mentioned, have been incorporated into Australian English, mainly as names for the indigenous flora and fauna (e. g. dingo, kangaroo), as well as extensive borrowings for place names. Beyond that, very few terms have been adopted into the wider language. A notable exception is Cooee (a musical call which travels long distances in the bush and is used to say â€Å"is there anyone there? †). Although often thought of as an Aboriginal word, didgeridoo/didjeridu (a well-known wooden musical instrument) is actually an onomatopoeic term coined by an English settler. 10. Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding -o or -ie (-y) to the ends of (often abbreviated) words. There does not appear to be any particular pattern to which of these suffixes is used. Examples with the -o ending include abo (aborigine – very offensive), aggro (aggressive), ambo (ambulance office), arvo (afternoon), avo (avocado), bizzo (business), bottleo (bottle shop/liquor store), compo (compensation), dero (homeless person), devo (deviant/pervert), doco (documentary), evo (evening), fisho (fishmonger), fruito (fruiterer) 11. arbo (garbage collector) vejjo (vegetarian) gyno (gynaecologist), journo (journalist), kero (kerosene), metho (methylated spirits), milko (milkman), Nasho (National Service –military service), reffo (refugee), rego (vehicle registration), Salvo (member of the Salvation Army), servo (service station/gas station), smoko (smoke or coffee/tea break), thingo (thing, whadjamacallit), 2. Examples of the -ie (-y) ending include aggie (student of agricultural science) Aussie (Australian) barbie (barbeque), beautie (beautiful) bikkie (biscuit), bitie (biting insect), blowie (blowfly), bookie (bookmaker), brekkie (breakfast), brickie (b ricklayer), Bushie (someone who lives in the bush), chewie (chewing gum), chokkie (chocolate), Chrissie (Christmas), exy (expensive) 13. reenie (environmentalist), kindie (kindergarten), lippy (lipstick), vedgie (vegetable) mozzie (mosquito), oldies (parents), possie (position), postie (postman), prezzie (present), rellie (sometimes relo – relative), sickie (day off sick from work), sunnies (sunglasses), surfy (surfing fanatic), swaggie (swagman), trackies (track suit), truckie (truck driver), 14. Occasionally, a -za diminutive is used, usually for personal names. Barry becomes Bazza, Karen becomes Kazza and Sharon becomes Shazza. There are also a lot of abbreviations in Australian English without any suffixes. Examples of these are the words beaut (great, beautiful), deli (delicatessen), hoon (hooligan), nana (banana), roo (kangaroo), uni (university) ute (utility truck or vehicle) 15. American Influence. In the middle of the century, the hectic years of the gold rush in Australia drew prospectors from California to the hills of New South Wales, bringing with them a slew of Americanisms to add to the Australian lexicon. The invasion of American vogue words marked the beginning of tension in Australia between the use of British English and American English. 16. Should an Australian say biscuit or cookie, nappy or diaper, lorry or truck? The answer seems to be that Australian English, like its British ancestor (and like Canadian English), borrows freely according to preference, but on the other hand the British influence is much greater in Australia than in Canada. So Australians get water from a tap not a faucet, but tend to ride in elevators as well as lifts. 17. Their cars run on petrol not gas, but they drive on freeways not motorways. American influence is evident in such words as caucus (in politics), sedan (BrE saloon), station wagon (BrE estate car), truck (BrE lorry), high school (BrE secondary school). You read "Australian English" in category "Papers" On the other hand British English influence is evident in class (AmE grade), cinema (AmE movies), boot (AmE trunk). With foodstuffs Australian English tends to be more closely related again to the British vocabulary, e. g. biscuit for the American cookie. 18. However, in a few cases such as zucchini, snow pea and eggplant Australian English uses the same terms as the Americans, whereas the British use the equivalent French terms courgette, mange-tout and do not care whether eggplant or aubergine is used. This is possibly due to a fashion that emerged in mid-nineteenth century Britain of adopting French nouns for foodstuffs, and hence the usage changed in Britain while the original terms were preserved in the (ex-)colonies. (For some uncertain reason, Australia uses the botanical name capsicum for what both the British and the Americans would call (red or green) pepper. ) Finally, the oddest of all borrowings from America is kangaroo court. 19. Australian English Worldwide. In the 1980s Australian English has hit the international headlines. Films like Gallipoli and My Brilliant Career have won critical acclaim and found large audiences in the United Kingdom and the United States. The â€Å"New Australians† (Turks, Yugoslavs, Sri Lankans and Italians) influenced on the language (pizza, kebab). There is not and cannot be any doubt that there is a great respect for Australian English in the English-speaking world. 20. [pic] 21. Australian Vocabulary These are the best-known Australianisms in the English-speaking world. [pic] 22. [pic] 23. Australia, Great Britain, and America all speak the same language, but you simply have to visit each country to realize that, while they all speak English, it is far from a universal language. The English spoken in Great Britain, America, and Australia has many similarities, but a surprising number of differences as well. The main reason for this is the vast distance between each country. Here are some of the common differences you will find between these three versions of English. Pronunciation between the three types of English is very dissimilar. †¢ In American English the â€Å"r† at the end of the word almost always affects its pronunciation, whereas in Australian and British English the â€Å"r† is often silent. 24. Also, the emphasis placed on the syllables of the word varies from British, Australian, and American English. In Britain, the world adult has the emphasis on the first syllable, whereas in America it is placed on the second half of the word. Australian English is unique in the fact that many words have sounds that are eliminated. †¢ Instead of saying good day, the Australian speaker says g’day. The main pronunciation difference between the three, however, is the pronunciation of the vowel sounds. 25. Differences in Spelling Not only do the three types of English sound different, but they are also spelled differently. In some ways, the spelling reflects the difference in pronunciation. o For instance, Americans use the world airplane to refer to a flying mode of transportation. o In Great Britain, the word is aeroplane, and it is pronounced with an audible â€Å"o† sound. o Another common difference in spelling is aluminium, which is the UK spelling, and aluminum, the US spelling. Again, the difference shows the difference in pronunciation of the two words. In this instance the Australian spelling is the same as the UK spelling. 26. Another common spelling difference between UK English and American English is the use of -our verses -or at the end of the word. ? For instance, in the UK, colour, flavour, honour, and similar words all end in -our, whereas in America they are spelled with the -or ending (color, flavor, honor). In Australia, the -our spelling is almost universal. 27. Similarly, the endings -re and -re are different between the different English dialects. In America you will go to the theater or fitness center, whereas in Britain you will visit the theatre or fitness centre. Again, Australian English follows the British pattern. 28. There are other common spelling differences as well. For instance, in American English, words that sound as though they end with an -ize will always end in an -ize. However, in UK English, they typically end in ise (i. e. realize, realise). Also, British English often doubles consonants when adding a suffix when American English does not, such as in the world traveller. 29. Interestingly, the three languages also have distinct vocabularies. For instance, the â€Å"hood† of a car is called the â€Å"bonnet† in Australia and Britain. Australia has several terms that are not used in either of the other countries, such as â€Å"bloke† (man) and â€Å"arvo† (afternoon). Also, Australians use some phrases that are combinations of British and American terms, such as â€Å"rubbish truck. † Rubbish is commonly used in the UK, and truck is commonly used in America. 30. Grammar As with American English, but unlike British English, collective nouns are almost always singular in construction, i. e. the government was unable to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide. Shan’t and the use of should as in I should be happy if†¦ , common in British English, are almost never encountered in Australian English. 31. While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i. e. She resigned Thursday, they must be retained in Australian English: She resigned on Thursday. Ranges of dates use to, i. e. Monday to Friday, as with British English, rather than Monday through Friday in American English. 32. River follows the name of the river in question as in North America, i. e. Brisbane River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e. g. River Thames. When saying or writing out numbers, and is inserted before the tens and units, i. e. one hundred and sixty-two, as with British practice. However Australians, like Americans, are more likely to pronounce numbers such as 1200 as twelve hundred, rather than one thousand two hundred. As with American English, on the weekend and studied medicine are used rather than the British at the weekend and read medicine. [pic] [pic] How to cite Australian English, Papers

Comparison of Security Documents-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp

Question: Using the thrust of the Security and Strategic Document of the United States and Nigeria make a Comparison of both Country's Security Document. Answer: Introduction There is an immense need for the security of a nation. The institutionalization of the security purpose involves with the documentation of the security and it has become the significant concern for the nations in the twenty first century[1]. It has been adapted internationally. The purpose of the essay is to compare the security documents of the United States and Nigeria. The easy would compare it by using the thrust of the security and strategic document of the two nations. Comparisons The national security strategy for the United States was first issued on 17 September 2002. The periodical documents about the national security strategy of the United States are prepared from thereon by the executive branch of the US Government, which mainly concerns and exaggerates thrust on the national security issues of the nation and how the administration of the Governmental body takes action to deal with the security issue[2]. On the other hand, the national security strategy document for Nigeria was signed and launched by the president Goodluck Jonathan on 5 November 2015. The strategic security documentation of the Nigeria is much newer than the United States. Both the nations have addressed the issues related to the national security strategy; however, Nigeria could make it lately from the US. The National security strategy of Nigeria would help the nation to build protection against terrorism in Nigeria. It is one of the best initiatives from the Nigerian government to pr otect its citizens from the devastating forces of terrorism and build strongly the security of its people. The document focuses on the in-depth engagement on the process of dismantle, disrupt and defeat the terrorist force in Nigeria[3]. The national security documents of the US have been created to provide the true nature of the human freedom to its citizens as this is the fundamental right of the human being. The national security document ensures the security of the people of the US by strengthening the military power, law enforcement, intelligence and homeland defenses. The main purpose of the national security strategy is to combat with the terrorism issues faced by the nation. Terrorist is the common thread that has been addressed by both the nation in their national security strategy. To combat with the terrorism, both the notion has given importance on the military forces. United States has used military forces to destroy the terrorism. On the other hand, Nigerian government wants to educate more individuals in the military training as these individual could contribute in the military combat with the terrorists. Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that national security strategy is an important tool to secure the nation and its people from the external threats. These help in exchange the strategy and acknowledging the documentation of the strategy. The national security strategy of the United States and Nigeria has a common ground. Both the nation wants to protect its lands and people from the terrorist attack. References Adebayo, Anthony Abayomi, "Implications Of Boko Haram Terrorism On National Development In Nigeria: A Critical Review" [2014]Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Art, Robert J,A Grand Strategy for America (Cornwell University Press, 2013) Richards, Julian,Guide To National Security(Oxford University Press, 2012) Julian Richards,Guide To National Security(Oxford University Press, 2012). Robert J Art,A Grand Strategy For America. (Cornwell University Press, 2013) Anthony Abayomi Adebayo, "Implications Of Boko Haram Terrorism On National Development In Nigeria: A Critical Review" [2014]Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences.

Essay for financial markets and institution Essay Example

Essay for financial markets and institution Essay In the US, the economy is stabilizing although questions about the sustainability of the recovery remain. Different indicators suggest that economic growth is still being heavily influenced by inventory re-stocking and government assistance. Some commentators believe that the boost from inventories will fade in coming quarters. The timing of the withdrawal of government stimulus will depend on how quickly private-sector demand is able to again drive domestic economic activity. Encouraging signs of this have been seen in recent consumer spending figures. Despite all the headwinds for consumer spending it seems as though the US consumer still hasnt seen a sale they didnt like. Worryingly for consumers though, weekly jobless claims have started to spike higher again despite recent monthly labor market data suggesting that the unemployment rate may have reached a plateau. The unemployment picture remains unclear given that this weekly data may have been impacted by the US hurricane season. With high levels of corporate profitability seen in the recent earnings season and improving levels of forward orders seen in recent equines surveys, it seems as though firms are in a position to hire staff again. Whether or not they will seems to rest on how sure they are that the recovery Is real. The US Federal Reserve (the Fed) has noted some of these recent modest Improvements in economic conditions but notes that the still weak state of the housing and labor market are likely to temper the pace of recovery In the near term. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay for financial markets and institution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay for financial markets and institution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay for financial markets and institution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Fed, unperturbed by murmurings that California Is having trouble re-financing maturing debt, reiterated Its call that Interest rates will remain on hold for an extended period of time. In Europe, conditions appear to be stabling but growth remains well below-trend. Countries within the Euro Area are demonstrating vastly different performance. Larger countries such as France and Germany are recovering reasonably well but significant Issues remain in peripheral Europe where Cyprus, Austria and Slovenia have high levels of public debt and large budget deficits. The Austrian Government to go to roll-over existing debt. Markets are anticipating a continuation of the Austrian Governments austerity measures as well as large risk premiums to induce investors to buy Austrian issues over the remainder of the year. Public out-cry over tough budget measures and a lack of resolve by other Euro Area countries to provide support given domestic political pressures could risk the re-balancing program. AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY The economy continued to improve in the June Quarter as large Federal Government stimulus programs continued to be rolled out. These packages mainly involved the construction of school halls, although these programs will start to be wound down over subsequent quarters. Private-sector demand was also solid with above nonsense readings for the two big drivers of private-sector demand (household consumption and business investment), continuing the run of better than expected data. Analysts have been quick to upgrade their forecasts on this basis but are wary of the lags involved in monetary policy. The Federal Government Budget was released and painted a much improved picture of government finances with the budget expected to be back in surplus a year earlier than expected in 2023-24. Federal Government net debt is also expected to peak at 10% of GAP. This wasnt good enough for a prominent opposition senator who claimed that the Government, who before the downturn had minimal net debt, had undertaken a reckless spending campaign which will put upwards pressure on interest rates and could even lead to Australia defaulting on its debt. These comments were made on the eve of the end of the quarter and it will be interesting to see how the market reacts. FINANCIAL MARKETS It seems as though the ARAB is convinced that private-sector demand is sufficient to withstand further interest rate increases as it increased the cash rate by 25 basis mints in the quarter. This was another step in the process of the ARAB removing the accommodative setting of monetary policy. Financial markets now have one eye on the ARAB, while the other is on momentum of the economic recovery. With the ARAB having now increased rates at four out of the last seven meetings, some analysts are wondering behind closed doors if the local central bank is not becoming over-zealous given more mixed signals in the global economy. Local banks increased rates by an average of 40 basis points over the quarter, citing higher funding costs given market uncertainty over sovereign debt. Shorter-dated bond rates increased in line with the cash rate rise, but longer-dated bond rates were largely unchanged as investors weighed up a rising interest rate environment against the lagged impact of higher interest rates on economic growth. SWAP SPREADS Swap rates widened slightly over the quarter as economic data, on balance, was to the ARAB cash rate in the period ahead, which is leading to relatively greater demand for fixed-rate as opposed to floating-rate funding. THE ADD The price of oil rose slightly over the quarter, driven by firmer global demand on account of stronger global industrial production. The ADD, relative to both the USED and the Euro, also increased as interest rate differentials widened in Australias favor, commodity prices improved and risk appetite held firm.

Anorexia Nervosa Research Essays

Anorexia Nervosa Research Essays Anorexia Nervosa Research Essay Anorexia Nervosa Research Essay The mental health problem that I researched was anorexia nervosa. I had always heard about the eating disorder but I learned a lot of new and surprising things. I always thought that close friends and family members would know right away if a person had anorexia. However, I learned that these friends and family members notice that something is wrong as the person develops anorexia. Another thing that I learned is that anorexia nervosa makes people lose more weight than what is considered healthy for their height and age. I knew that anorexia was when a person was underweight compared to the average person. However, I never knew that anorexia was when people were thinner than the average person their height and age. Height and age is an important factor when defining anorexia and I was able to learn the exact definition of anorexia. Anorexia is a deadly eating disorder and is a major issue. People with anorexia are probably constantly afraid and stressed. They are afraid because they fear of gaining weight. They will always be haunted by the hought that they are too fat and have to lose weight right away. Thus, these people will always be stressed out because they wont be happy with themselves and will be pressured to lose weight. People who do not know the exact definition of anorexia probably look down at people with anorexia. These people believe that anorexia is a disgusting eating disorder and can be overcome easily. So they are annoyed with anorexic people who are suffering because they think that it is possible to recover from anorexia easily. However, that is not true. Sometimes if an extremely thin person walks by, some bystanders think That person is so skinny! They should gain weight because they Just look horrible! In reality though, it is really hard for anorexic people to overcome their eating disorder. It takes a lot of treatment, effort, and time. Thus, these bystanders do not even know the hardships that anorexic people have to go through but they say rude comments. If they knew about the eating disorder, they would know that it is a serious illness. It is not something to make Jokes out of or make fun of.

Interviw Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interviw - Case Study Example In the course of discussing my findings, I will include a comparison to the characteristics of adult learning as presented in Merriam and Bierema’s (2014) Adult Learning: Linking Theory and Practice. The respondent in the interview is female. Her name is Mariam Aleide. She is 27 years old. This is consistent with Merriam and Bierema’s definition of an adult (2014, p.11), where they point out that an adult is one whose age, social roles and sense of self perception define them as such-as adults. Therefore, her identity as an adult, apart from her age, is also a factor of her having multiple roles in society Merriam and Beirema (2014, p.12). For example, Aleide points out that she is a wife, a mother, and has a job as a teacher, apart from being a student. This distinguishes her as an adult as per the standards set in the text. The economic aspect of Aleide’s life is not easy to decipher. However, given the number of activities she has been a part of, one may infer that she is in a position to afford the various types of education. One the other hand, she points out that her mother had to sponsor her in matters to do with her baby. This shows that there may be a bit of financial struggle. This is predicted by Merriam and Bierama’s work. The roles taken on by Aleide as a wife, mother and student all require some level of financial contribution. Technologically, Aleide is proficient in computer programs. She specifies that she has a basic understanding of Microsoft office programs. In their work, Merriam and Bierema (2014, p.5) point out that due to globalization, there has been a rising demand for proficiency in computer programs. As such, by gaining basic knowledge of Microsoft Office Packages, Aleide is on consistency with ideas of the text; she incorporates the knowledge and use of technology into her learning endeavors. This is reported to ease the learning process, especially since she is a student in a country that is highly

Final Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Assessment - Assignment Example The EU members have a substantial judicial co-operation and cross-border surveillance that enables transfer of enforcement of criminal judgments. On the other hand, the US and Mexico have entirely different justice systems effectively hindering cross-border surveillance. The course has impacted my perception of the effectiveness of Homeland Security given the current bloated bureaucracy coupled with bad leadership and lack of inter-agency cooperation. There are indeed aspects of homeland security that are effective, however; the knee-jerk reactions from successive White House regimes do not entirely convince me that the extent of the current overhaul was necessary. Initially, control of drug trafficking and illegal immigrants was the primary aim of border surveillance (Jerry & Michael, 2014). However, legislations have expanded the mandate to include the fight against terrorism, human trafficking and the prevention of trade in chemical or radioactive material. The most interesting part of the course has been the topic of illegal immigrants. I have very strong reservations on this subject because I see that the politicians who the Americans have tasked with ending this mess are not willing to fix the problem. They keep on playing politics by maneuvering their parties to gain the Latino vote. I feel that President Obama has taken it too far by stopping the deportation of illegal immigrants through his Executive order. On the Mexican side, the authorities need to show more zeal in dealing with the drug and human trafficking menace if there is going to be any fruitful cooperation between the US and Mexico. Frenzen, N. (2012). Heinrich BÃ ¶ll Foundation Study: Borderline- The EU’s New Border Surveillance Initiatives, Assessing the Costs and Fundamental Rights Implications of EUROSUR and the ‘Smart Borders’Â  Proposals. July 16, 2012. Accessed

The Buddhist Five Precepts In A Nutshell Philosophy Essay

The Buddhist Five Precepts In A Nutshell Philosophy Essay Many of us know that negative emotions and behaviour are unwholesome and lead to suffering, and that, in contrast, positive emotions and behaviour are wholesome and lead to happiness. Yet, even with this knowledge, few of us are dedicated practitioners, following the Buddhist Five Precepts faithfully and sincerely on a daily basis. In other words, there is a gap between knowledge and practice. The purpose of Dharma education is not the accumulation of knowledge, but the use and application of knowledge to bring about change within us. The teachings of Dharma help us develop a good heart and true happiness for the benefit of ourselves as well as for others. True happiness requires training and a certain degree of inner discipline. We need to train the intellect and feelings, as well as the heart and mind. In this process we undergo a transformation of our attitudes, and our entire outlook, as well as our approach to living. Buddhism provides the framework and guidance to work towards this transformation. However, such transformation does not come naturally. As human beings, we have many negative mental traits; we need to address and counteract each of these and there is no easy way out. We are unlike computers, where a simple push of a keyboard button can delete a negative trait from our mind. As humans, we need to apply a variety of approaches and methods, such as observing the precepts, meditation and so forth to deal with our varied and complex negative mental traits. Observing the Five Precepts is one of the very basic methods, a set of guiding principles with which to counteract our negative traits. The Five Precepts also help to guide our bodily actions, our speech and our mental attitudes. It is a systematic means of actualising our aim of purifying our body, speech and mind. The process of transformation requires commitment and perseverance. We need to constantly apply various techniques and take time to familiarise ourselves with the practices. Determination and inner discip line are important qualities we need to develop if we are to bring about successful transformation. The training process encompasses faith, understanding, practice, experience and realisation. First, we need to have a certain degree of faith to enter the path. We need to have faith that the Five Precepts will lead us to happiness and that we can uphold them. Next, we need to learn the value of upholding the precepts, and how this can be accomplished by understanding their contents and principles. Learning the precepts helps us to understand the importance of becoming more ethical in our behavior and increasing our mental discipline. Subsequently, we transform this knowledge into action, that is, keeping the precepts sincerely on a daily basis. Determination and inner discipline are very important in upholding the precepts. By learning, understanding and upholding the precepts, we change our perception of the world, and most importantly of ourselves. As a result, our interactions with others and the way we conduct our daily lives will become positive, fruitful and light. Such experi ence and realisation will further enhance our understanding and faith in the precepts. In the beginning, positive changes may be very minor. The negative influences that we have held for so long within our minds remain strong, leading us to continue to violate the precepts. We have to be patient with ourselves and keep working at it. Little by little, our life will come into alignment with wisdom. With growing wisdom, we will become more mindful (aware) of our thoughts and actions. Negative actions that we once committed with little or no awareness are suddenly revealed to us. As a result, it becomes easier to maintain the precepts. Just like learning to ride a bicycle, we will fall often. However, with constant practice, we will get there eventually. Observing the Five Precepts is an ethical discipline which will require constant effort from ourselves, as old negative habits are replaced with new, positive ones. We need to work with ourselves and be patient. No one saves us but ourselves, and the Buddha merely guides the way! 3.1 THE BUDDHIST FIVE PRECEPTS IN A NUTSHELL The Five Precepts were recommended by the Buddha for anyone who wishes to lead a life of peace, while also contributing to the happiness of family and society. The Five Precepts are voluntarily observed by lay Buddhists; they are not commandments that have to be strictly abided by. They form the basis of universal morality outlined in the Noble Eightfold Path, which is very important, especially when one is beginning to follow the Buddhist way. WHAT ARE THE FIVE PRECEPTS? THE FIRST PRECEPT: ABSTAIN FROM KILLING Respect Life, Not Kill and Being Compassionate I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking life, so that I will practise compassion by protecting and benefiting all life. THE SECOND PRECEPT: ABSTAIN FROM STEALING Respect Personal Property, Not Steal and Being Generous I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking what is not given, so that I will practise generosity by sharing and giving away my material and spiritual wealth. THE THIRD PRECEPT: ABSTAIN FROM SEXUAL MISCONDUCT Respect Personal Relationships, Not Indulge the Senses and To Be Content I undertake the training rule to abstain from misconduct regarding objects and subjects of sense pleasures, especially adultery, so that I will practices contentment and channel my energies towards spiritual development. THE FOURTH PRECEPT: ABSTAIN FROM UNTRUTHFUL SPEECH Respect Truth, Not Lying and Being Truthful in Speech I undertake the training rule to abstain from false speech, and other unwholesome modes of speech, so that I will communicate positively. THE FIFTH PRECEPT: ABSTAIN FROM CONSUMING INTOXICATING DRINKS AND DRUGS Respect Mental and Physical Well-being, Not Taking Intoxicants and Being Mindful I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking alcohol, and that which causes intoxication, so that I will be more healthy and not break the precepts through loss of mindfulness. 2.1.1 The First Precept: ABSTAIN FROM KILLING I undertake the training rule to abstain from taking life The pali word panna means that which breathes. A living being is one that has breath and consciousness, including human beings, animals and insects. Plants are excluded as they do not have consciousness.This precept prohibits the killing of living beings. In broader terms, it should also be understood to prohibit injuring, maiming, and torturing a living being. Conditions Under Which A Violation Is Considered to Have Occurred à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Object: The fact and presence of a living being, human or animal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Knowledge: The knowledge that the object is a living being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intention: The intent or resolution to kill à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Act: The act of killing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consequence: A resulting death Exceptions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By accident no intention The act of killing can take place through action of the body, or speech, such as commanding someone to kill, resulting in the death of a living being. The key factor for the violation of this precept is intention. The mental factor is the propeller while the body only functions as the channel for actualising the intent to kill. A complete act of killing constituting a full violation of the precept needs to involve the five conditions stated earlier. Let us first look at the first condition: Object. There is violation only when a living being is present and one perceives it as a living being. Here is a straightforward example to illustrate this idea. In a demonstration or riot where mobs are very angry with a political leader, they might burn the photos and/ or slash the statue of the political leader. In this case, there is no killing as the rioters only perceive the photo or statue as a living being. Intending to kill one being and killing another by mistake also does not constitute a full transgression. The second condition, Knowledge, denotes that killing occurs only when the killer is aware that the object of his action is a living being, not a photo or statue. So, if we step on an insect we do not see, the knowledge (awareness) of a living being is not there and hence full violation has not occurred. The third condition, Intention, ensures that the taking of life is intentional. There is no violation if there is no intent to kill, for example accidentally killing a fly when we try to keep it away. The fourth condition holds that the action must be directed towards killing and the fifth, that the being (human or animal) dies as a result of this action. Full violation of the precept is not deemed to have happened if there is no resulting death. Underlying Motivations for Killing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hatred à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delusion An example of killing motivated primarily by greed is killing for material gain, such as hunting; or to gain enjoyment, such as fishing or eating seafood. Killing motivated by hatred is evident in cases of vicious murder out of strong aversion, cruelty, or jealousy. Killing motivated by delusion can be seen in the case of animal sacrifices in certain religious practices, or in holy wars, where one kills followers of other religious beliefs, and believing that to be a sacred act. How the Precept is Violated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Committed by oneself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ By commanding or instructing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rejoicing in the act The precept could be violated by taking a life, or by commanding someone else to do so verbally or with gestures. A common example of instructing someone else to kill on our behalf is by ordering live seafood in a restaurant. Sometimes we may rejoice in the act of killing, for example, rejoicing in the murder of someone we do not like. When reading the news that an enemy has been killed, we must be careful not to rejoice in it. The Intensity / Severity of Violation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Spiritual Nobility of the victim à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Size of animal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Type of animal There is a difference between killing a human being and an animal. Killing a human being is certainly a more serious violation than killing an animal. Within the category of humans, it is a more serious violation to kill ones parent or benefactor, than a stranger. In the case of animals, the severity of violation is said to be proportional to the size of the animal, that is, killing a larger animal is more reprehensible than killing a small animal (such as a tiny insect). It also matters if the animals are domesticated or wild, and if they have a gentle or vicious temperament. Of all killings, the most culpable is the killing of an arahant/arahantini (a fully liberated being), and of ones parents. The Purpose of the this Precept à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To respect life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To have compassion The purpose of this precept is to respect all living beings. In doing so, we learn to be kind and compassionate to all living beings and live in harmony with them. By upholding the precept of not killing, we give all living creatures security and freedom from danger. Quotes from Scriptures Giving up killing, we abstain from taking the life of any living being; laying aside stick and sword, modest and merciful, he lives kind and compassionate to all living beings. (DN.1) There is the case where a disciple of the noble ones, abandoning the taking of life, abstains from taking life. In doing so, he gives freedom from danger, freedom from animosity, freedom from oppression to limitless numbers of beings. In giving freedom from danger, freedom from animosity, freedom from oppression to limitless numbers of beings, he gains a share in limitless freedom from danger, freedom from animosity, and freedom from oppression. This is the first gift, the first great gift original, long- standing, traditional, ancient, unadulterated, unadulterated from the beginning that is not open to suspicion, will never be open to suspicion, and is unfaulted by knowledgeable contemplatives and priests. (AN8.39) The First Mindfulness Training by Thich Nhat Hanh Aware of the suffering caused by the destruction of life, I am committed to cultivating compassion and learning ways to protect the lives of people, animals, plants, and minerals. I am determined not to kill, not to let others kill, and not to condone any act of killing in the world, in my thinking, and in my way of life. Thich Nhat Hanh has extended the First Precept of not killing humans and animals (sentient beings) to the protection of plants and minerals, which are technically not sentient beings though they are part of nature. The essence of observing this precept is to respect life, cultivate loving kindness and to live in harmony with our ecosystem and environment. In view of the consumerist world we live in, driven often by greed, this mindfulness training can help in our reflection on how we live, and how our actions contribute to harming our environment and the planet. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS REGARDING THE FIRST PRECEPT What is the Buddhist perspective on suicide? Chan Master Sheng Yen: According to the Buddhist teaching of cause and effect, since one has not realised the truth of all phenomena, or is not liberated from life and death, suicide is pointless. When ones karmic retribution is not exhausted, death by suicide only leads to another cycle of rebirth. This is why Buddhists do not support suicide, and instead, encourage constructive living, using this life to diligently practise good, thus changing the present and the future for the better. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama: Some people commit suicide; they seem to think that there is suffering simply because there is the human life, and that by cutting off the life there will be nothingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ But, according to the Buddhist viewpoint, thats not the case; your consciousness will continue. Even if you take your own life, this life, you will have to take another body that again will be the basis of suffering. If you really want to get rid of all your suffering, all the difficulties you experience in your life, you have to get rid of the fundamental cause (greed, hatred and delusion) that gives rise to the aggregates that are the basis of all suffering. Killing yourself isnt going to solve your problem. Ven. K. Sri Dhammananda: Taking ones own life under any circumstances is morally and spiritually wrong. Taking ones own life owing to frustration or disappointment only causes greater suffering. Suicide is a cowardly way to end ones problems of life. A person cannot commit suicide if his mind is pure and tranquil. If one leaves this world with a confused and frustrated mind, it is most unlikely that he would be born again in a better condition. Suicide is an unwholesome or unskillful act since it is encouraged by a mind filled with greed, hatred and delusion. Those who commit suicide have not learnt how to face their problems, how to face the facts of life, and how to use their mind in a proper manner. Such people have not been able to understand the nature of life and worldly conditions. Ven. S. Dhammika, Good Question Good Answer, 2008, p26: When one person murders another they might do it out of fear, anger, fury, greed or some other negative emotions. When a person kills himself or herself they might do it for very similar reasons or because of other negative emotions like despair or frustration. So whereas murder is the result of negative emotions directed towards another, suicide is the result of negative emotions directed towards oneself, and therefore would be breaking the Precept. However, someone who is contemplating suicide or has attempted suicide does not need to be told that what they are doing is wrong. They need our support and our understanding. We have to help them understand that killing themselves is perpetuating their problem, surrendering to it, not solving it. To keep the precept of not killing, must we be vegetarian? There are various opinions among the different Buddhist traditions with regards to this question. The Buddha, himself, was not a vegetarian. Traditionally, Theravadin monastics live on alms food; they receive whatever is put into their alms bowl. In other words, they have no control over their diet. However, in the Jivaka Sutta (MN 55), it is mentioned that the Buddha only allowed meat to be taken on the condition that it is pure in three aspects that the monastic: 1. did not see the animal being killed 2. did not hear the cry of the animal being killed 3. did not suspect that the animal was killed specifically for the monk/nun Although these conditions technically apply only to monastics, they are often used as a reasonable guide by devout lay people. The Mahayanists relate these three types of purified meat to the nurturing of compassion. If we see the suffering of the dying animal, we should be compassionate towards them and try to relieve their suffering. It is against the principle of compassion if we do not help them, and indeed, even go ahead to consume their meat. Exceptions have also appeared in Tibetan Buddhism. In Tibet, people traditionally lived as nomads and it was, and probably still is, difficult to grow vegetables in the high altitudes, making it difficult to be vegetarian. Hence, monastics from the Theravadin and Tibetan traditions are generally not vegetarian. When Buddhism spread to China, the idea of compassion was developed further in the Chinese Mahayanist tradition, and the Bodhisattva vow of not taking meat was strongly emphasised and made compulsory. Chinese Mahayanist monastics are therefore vegetarian, and so are many devotees who have taken the Bodhisattva precepts. Today, more and more Theravadin monastics are encouraging vegetarianism, and His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama also encourages Tibetan monastics living outside Tibet, and who have control over their diet, to be vegetarian. In my opinion, vegetarianism should be encouraged, but not imposed on others. Are we not contributing to killing by eating meat? Isnt the meat in restaurants and supermarkets killed for our consumption? Let us look at the example of poultry farming. In the old days, chickens were allowed to roam freely and grow in a natural environment. They were only sent for slaughter when naturally fully grown. In other words, the production of meat was not human-controlled but based on the natural growth of the animals. Today, driven by demand in capitalist economies, poultry is produced in controlled high-tech conditions. Poultry and other animals are now raised in large-scale factory farms, deprived of natural conditions which allow them to move around and seek food freely in a natural environment. They are fed solely by humans and/or machines and kept in cages or pens, just big enough for them to stand in, day and night. Driven by human greed, some poultry farmers, for example, speed up the growth of the chickens to generate more income, causing tremendous pain and suffering to the poultry. By creating longer days and shorter nights with the use of indoor lighting, the animals are misled into eating more often than normal. Under these factory farming conditions, these animals suffer greatly. Some reports say these animals attack each other, pecking out of frustration and wounding their mates, causing each other to bleed and suffer. To prevent them from attacking each other, farmers cut their beaks off, inflicting even more pain and suffering to the poor chickens. During festive seasons, there is massive slaughter of animals to satisfy the sensual pleasures of humans. So, if we look deeply into the consumption of meat, we could be indirectly contributing to the act of killing, because the production of meat today is dependent on demand in the market. Therefore, if we can reduce our meat consumption, it will certainly reduce the demand for meat, and thereby minimising animal slaughter. If we are truly concerned for the well-being of animals and not wanting to contribute to the cruelty of modern industrial farming, we will naturally develop a kind heart and compassion towards animals. The practice of the First Precept to abstain from killing is a celebration of life. We do not support any act of killing, and we can extend it further by teaching others not to. Being mindful of what we eat and what we buy, and making an effort in our diet are ways of preventing killing. Many Buddhists find that as they develop in their spiritual path, they have a natural tendency to become vegetarian. By doing so, they live up to the Buddhas teaching on loving kindness. This energy of loving kindness brings feelings of safety, health and joy to them and all sentient beings. What did the Buddha say about vegetarianism? (Taken from Ven. Sangye Khadros article, Mandala Magazine, June 2007) There is a lot of debate within Buddhism about this issue. There are some Buddhists who are vegetarian (no meat or fish), and some who are vegans (no animal products at all, including dairy products and eggs). And there are some Buddhists who do eat meat. What did the Buddha himself say about eating meat? Well, it seems that he said different things at different times. This may sound like he contradicted himself, but the Tibetans say that the Buddha was a very skilful teacher who understood the minds and needs of his listeners and would teach them accordingly. So to some, the Buddha said it was okay to eat meat, provided that they did not kill the animal themselves, or order it to be killed. But to others, the Buddha said that if you are a follower of the bodhisattva path, and truly compassionate, you should not eat meat. To these people he spoke of the harmful consequences of doing so. In fact, there is an entire chapter in the Lankavatara Sutra (a Mahayana sutra which has been translated into English) in which the Buddha spoke very strongly against meat-eating. So as I understand it, the Buddha did not actually forbid his followers to eat meat, but left it up to each person to decide this issue for him/herself. In a way, that was compassionate of the Buddha, because some people live in places and conditions where it would be extremely difficult to abstain from meat, and if they had to be vegetarian in order to be Buddhist, they probably would not be able to do it. Also, some people are unable to be strictly vegetarian because of their physical make-up or their health. His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama is an example of this. He tried to be vegetarian, but his health suffered and his doctors advised him to eat meat. But I am sure he eats as little as possible, because in his teachings he often encourages people (especially the Tibetans, who are quite fond of meat) to either give up or at least cut down on the consumption of meat. His advice seems to be working, because I have noticed in the last few years an increase in the number of Tibetans who have given up meat, as well as Tibetan-run organisations promoting vegetarianism. I even heard that Sera Monastery in South India is a meat- free zone! Is abortion a form of killing? Isnt it better to end a pregnancy if the couple is not ready? Abortion is medically defined as the expulsion of a not yet viable foetus in humans as well as animals before the end of pregnancy, during which the foetus is not capable of maintaining an independent existence. Is abortion a form of killing? To answer this question, we need to understand when life begins. According to Buddhist teachings, the existence of a human being begins from the minds first arising, that is, from the first moment of the existence of consciousness in a foetus. In other words, life begins from the moment of conception, when an egg is fertilised by a sperm. Hence, abortion is indeed a form of killing. However, according to Buddhism, abortion is allowed only in situations where it is the most humane alternative; for example, in order to save the life of the mother. But let us be honest, most abortions are performed simply because the pregnancy is inconvenient, or an embarrassment (pre-marital pregnancy or the result of adultery). These are very poor reasons for the destruction of a life. Abortion is never a good solution to unwanted pregnancies. Prevention is better than cure. Education is the long term solution. Educating couples on sexual responsibility is a better option than destroying a life. Couples entering into sexual activity should think carefully beforehand. Are they ready to bring a new life into this world? Are they financially ready to bring up the child? Sexual activity should not be carried out without long term commitment; that is, if pregnancy occurs, the couple must be responsible for their act of bringing a new life into the world. What if a woman is raped? A child conceived as a result of rape is entitled to live and be loved just as any other child. The baby (foetus) is innocent. He or she should not be killed simply because their biological father committed a crime. In dealing with unwanted pregnancy, the child could be given away or adopted by others. How should I deal with an infestation of ants or cockroaches? Our intention is not to kill. We try our best to bring the least harm to all living creatures. We can avoid using harmful pesticides by using organic/natural ones that do not kill the creatures. For example, fresh pandan (pandanus) leaves are good for keeping cockroaches away without killing them. We also need to be aware of actions that may invite pests into our house. Some people have the habit of leaving dishes and cutlery in the basin after meals. Some wash the dishes only when there are no more clean plates and spoons in the cupboard. This will certainly invite ants and cockroaches into their homes. When their house is infected with ants and cockroaches, they start spraying pesticides. We need to be mindful and responsible for our actions. If we make an effort to keep our environment clean and dry, and keeping food out of reach, it will certainly reduce the incidence of pests. At other times when it is unavoidable, we just need to be patient and tolerant. With mindfulness and pe rseverance, we can do our best to minimise harm to living creatures. Refer to Appendix 1 (p87) for tips on how to keep insects away without killing them. Some detractors say, You Buddhists are too concerned about ants and bugs. (Taken from Ven. S. Dhammika, Good Question Good Answer, p25) Buddhists try to develop a compassion that is undiscriminating and all-embracing. We see the world as a unified whole where each thing and creature has its place and function. We believe that before we destroy or upset natures delicate balance, we should be very careful. Where emphasis has been on exploiting nature to the full, squeezing every last drop out of it without putting anything back, conquering and subduing it, nature has revolted. The air is becoming poisoned, the rivers polluted and dead, so many animals and plants are heading for extinction, the slopes of the mountains are barren and eroded. Even the climate is changing. If people were a little less anxious to crush, destroy and kill, this terrible situation might not have arisen. We should strive to develop a little more respect for all life. And this is what the First Precept is about. What if we are practicing non-violence and someone breaks into our house and threatens us? What should we do? It all depends on your level of cultivation. If you are an experienced practitioner who practises non-violence in your daily life, the chances are you will be more likely to react calmly and intelligently without harming anyone. The compassion one generates could influence the intruder to be less violent. But in order to be able to react in an intelligent and non-violent way, our day-to-day training is important. It may take years to develop. If you wait till a crisis happens, it will be too late. And at that crucial moment, even if you know all the teachings to embrace compassion, to be non- violent, it is only intellectual knowledge. Since it is not an intrinsic part of your being, you may not be able to act in a non-violent manner. The self-centred cherishing attitude, the fear and anger in you will likely obstruct you from acting that way. Hence, it is important to transform our knowledge into practice and to embrace loving kindness and compassion in our daily life. Here is the story of a practising Buddhist reacting in a non-violent way when confronted with a robber. Home Intrusion and the Protection by the Triple Gems (The following article is extracted from the Buddhist Society of Western Australia Newsletter, Feb/Mar issue, 2010) On that fateful night of 19 January 2010, a masked intruder armed with a knife, garden fork and a hammer walked into my house through an unlocked door around 9 p.m. I was cooking in my kitchen and happened to turn around to be confronted by this strange looking masked man standing about 4 feet away holding up his weapons. Extreme terror came over me. I let out two blood curdling screams in quick succession. In a split second, I went into denial as I stared into his face to see if it was my husband, Sunny dressed up like that to frighten me. Hearing the screams, Sunny came flying into the kitchen to investigate. The intruder ordered both of us to lie down on the kitchen floor and not to look at him. He told us to just look at his feet to know where he was. As we went down on the floor, Sunny started chanting om mani padme hum, the Buddha of Compassions mantra, and I joined him in chanting quietly under our breaths. At that point I was shaking with fear. Thoughts of being robbed, bashed senseless, raped or even killed ran amok in my mind. Minutes later a calmness came over me. I even questioned myself then as to why I was feeling so calm. The first thing I said to the intruder was We are peaceful people. Just tell us what you want and we will give it to you but please do not harm us. His reply to that was, I am also a peaceful person. If you do as I tell you, I will not harm you. That was cold comfort to us as he was the one holding the weapons and looked quite agitated and menacing. He added, I want money. My wife is pregnant and I am homeless. To that Sunny said, I have $50 in my wallet. When he opened the wallet, he only found a $20 note. So then I gave him my purse which contained $30. At that point I thought he would ask us to drive him to the nearest ATM to get more cash and then will probably finish us off, but surprisingly there were no demands from him for more cash or anything else. He was quite happy with the $50 cash, mobile phone and our car. He said he would return the car keys another day and leave them in our letter box. He later changed his mind, saying he would drive to Warwick Station and leave the keys under the car seat. During our half hour ordeal, he apologised numerous times and asked for forgiveness. Twice he sounded as though he was about to cry for putting us throug

Nasha is my idol Essay

Natasha (Russian: Ð Ã °Ã'‚Ð °ÃŒ Ã'ˆÐ °) is a female given name of Russian origin. Originally it was a diminutive form of Natalia, which in turn derives from the Latin Dies Natalies, meaning â€Å"Natal Day† or â€Å"Birthday† in reference to the traditional birth of Jesus. It was traditionally given to girls born around Christmas.[1] In Russia and other post-Soviet countries this name still remains only an unofficial diminutive form, while in the West it became an independent given name, probably under influence of Natasha Rostova from Leo Tolstoi’s â€Å"War and Peace†. Alexis Davis (born Natasha Cassadine) on the soap opera General Hospital Other Natashas[edit] Natasha (monkey), macaque at the Safary Park zoo near Tel Aviv, Israel Natasha’s Story, 1994 non-fiction book Where is Baby Natasha? A sesame street children’s book â€Å"Natasha†, a song on the 2003 album Want One by Rufus Wainwright â€Å"Natasha†, a song by American grindcore band Pig Destroyer released on 2004 album Terrifyer as bonus, and also as separate ep album. Natacha (comics) a French comic about an air hostess Natascha Kampusch, an Austrian author who was kidnapped at the age of 10 years old Natascha is the name of an unlockable weapon in Team Fortress 2

How to monitor children and young people’s development Essay

Understand how to monitor children and young people’s development and interventions that should take place if this is not following the expected pattern. 3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods. There are numerous different methods of monitoring including: observations, body language, behaviour, moods, written records, assessment framework, information from parents/carers, work colleagues and standard measurements. The adult will need to use a few different methods aswell as opportunities to monitor the development of children and young people. It is important that you understand the purpose of the observations that you do as part of your role. You do this because you will need to report any findings to the class teacher who will then report it to the parent/carer. It’s important that teachers and parent/carers share any information about the child or young person’s best interests. The observation can be d one in a formal or informal way. There are advantages to doing both these aswell as disadvantages. The informal observation will be those that you do every day when you are working with the children or young people. These observations will be small but over time they will enable you to build up a picture of the child or young person. The adults may notice that an individual is then able to understand new concepts very easily. It’s likely that the adult will discuss their observations with the teacher as part of the feedback process after working with a child or young person. One of the disadvantages of informal observations is they might not be recorded and things might be forgotten to be passed on. The adult may be asked to do a formal observation. These are done to support the teacher in assessing a child or young person’s levels of development. There are standard measurements that are used to measure a child or young person’s physical development. These are done to determine whether they are growing at the expected rate for their age. The Assessment Framework or Assessment Triangle is a term given to the way that a child or young people are assessed. This is to determine whether they are in need and what those needs may be. Doing this, the child or young person’s best interests can be planned for with regards to the child or young people’s development. These are useful  in deciding whether the child or young person is reaching their expected milestones. 3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern. A child or young person’s development may not follow the expected pattern for a number of reasons. The adult will have to take into consideration personal or external factors along with development aspects of learning. The adult should take advice from any other professionals about how to proceed. If the adult has any concerns about a child or young person you should always speak to a colleague or the class teacher. 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development. Having a disability may affect a child or young person’s development in a number of different ways. Depending on the child or young person’s needs, this may cause a delay in a particular area of their development i.e. a physical disability could affect their social skills, they could become more withdrawn or frustrated. Their development may also be affected by the attitudes or expectations of other people. If we were to assume that a disabled child or young person cannot achieve and they are not allowed the opportunity to take part, they are being restricted in their development in all areas. When an adult is working with an SEN child or young person they will find out that many professionals or parents speak about the danger of labelling the child or young person. They do this because it’s important that it’s looked at the needs of the individuals are put first, without focusing on the child or young person’s disability or impairment. In the past the medical model of disability has been used more than the social mode. This kind of language has promoted the attitude that children or young people who have disabilities are individuals who in some way need to be corrected and brought into line in accordance with everyone else. This can sometimes lead to the unhelpful labelling of individuals in terms of their disabilities rather than their potential. An adult should be realistic about the expectations they have of children and young people and then consider their needs. For some of them the curriculum needs to be modified and they may need support. It shouldn’t be assumed that an SEN child or young person will always need extra help. They need to be encouraged to be as independent as possible. 3.4 Explain how different types of  interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. A teaching assistant is likely to be involved in doing interventions or other types of group work. Doing this you are supporting the chil dren or young people who are not progressing at the same rate as others their age. This is likely to have been advised by either the SENCO officer or another professional with links to the school. A number of professionals may come into school in order to talk about a child or young person’s progress or to advise staff on the next steps needed. The following professionals often help with interventions for a child or young person. Social Worker; A social worker may be involved in the child or young person’s life if there has been a cause for concern in the home environment or if the parents request support. They will also liaise with school regarding any looked after children. On occasions school may contact social services if they have any concerns regarding a child/young person or their home environment. Speech and Language Therapists; These can sometimes be based in schools. They can give a diagnosis of any communication delays or disorders. They will also advise schools and parents ways they can support the child or young person. Speech and languag e appointments are usually delivered in blocks. This is then followed by activities for the child or young person to work on before they are reviewed. A parent and teacher are closely involved in the monitoring and the reviews of the child or young person. Psychologist; These are also known as Educational Psychologist. They may also become involved following intervention and action from speech and language therapist aswell as teaching staff. This is done if the child or young person is not showing any progress. They will then carry out an assessment and suggest any next steps that may be required. Psychiatrist; A psychiatrist may be asked to assess a child or young person when they are concerns about their emotional development. A child or young person will usually have been referred through a series of assessments. Youth Justice; this form of intervention is a public body that aims to stop children and young people getting into trouble with the law. The youth justice team may be involved in a partnership with schools aswell as the community. It also acts as a preventative way by running a youth inclusion programme. There are targets towards those children and young people at risk of offending.  Physiotherapist; These give advice and give out targets for children and young people to work on around their development of their gross motor skills. They give exercises to members of staff and parents to work each day with the child or young person. This is depending on the need of the child or young person. Nurse/Health Visitor; These medical professionals are involved in the supporting of the development of a child or young people where they have physical or health needs. They will usually come into school and advice and speak to members of staff. This is done generally with parents present.